Passé simple - Actif (Basic Format)
26A Passé simple – actif (Basic format) (Literary tense, rarely used in speaking)The "Passé simple" is a literary verb tense, rarely used in speaking, but still often found in older texts. It is also used when speaking of "past events in an imaginary land somewhere out there" (as in fairytales). NOTE: The complete set of rules is shown further below. The "Passé simple" has two of the three English meanings of the "Passé composé", but is constructed with a single word, while the "Passé composé" is constructed with two words: the "auxiliary verb" " avoir" or "être", and the "Participe passé"of the principal verb. |
26A Example:
Example 1 (masculin / féminin singulier)
Il (elle) parla. (Literary tense, rarely used in speaking) He (she) did speak / did talk. (for emphasis, negative, or asking a question) He (she) spoke / talked. |
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How to do the Passé simpleThe instructions for this verb tense are more complex than most, but the good news is that verb tense itself is not used in everyday speaking or writing. 1. The "Passé simple" endings are added to the verb stem, which is itself often modified. 2. There are four sets of endings, all of which have the same meaning in English, that is "he (she) verbed, he (she) did verb" 1) The first set is: -ai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent This set of endings is used with all "-er" verbs
Examples:
"aimer": aimai, aimas, aima, aimâmes, aimâtes, aimèrent
"parler": parlai, parlas, parla, parlâmes, parlâtes, parlèrent
All verbs whose "Infinitif" ends in "-er" work as above. 2) The second set of endings is: -is, -is, -it, îmes, -îtes, irent
Example:
"finir": finis, finis, finit, finîmes, finîtes, finirent 3) The third set of endings is: -us, -us, -ut, -ûmes, ûtes, urent
Example:
"avoir": eus, eus, eut, eûmes, eûtes, eurent
Example:
"être": fus, fus, fut, fûmes, fûtes, furent 4) The fourth and final set of Passé simple endings is: -ins, -ins, -int, -înmes, -întes, -inrent
Examples:
"venir": vins, vins, vint, vînmes, vîntes, vinrent
"tenir": tins, tins, tint, tînmes, tîntes, tinrent |
Once again, verbs in "-er" create their "Passé simple" form by replacing the "-er" by the following endings: (-ai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent) |
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Consider the following examples: | |
acheter |
achetai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
aimer |
aimai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
aller |
allai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
annoncer |
annonçai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
arrêter |
arrêtai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
chanter |
chantai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
discuter |
discutai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
enregistrer |
enregistrai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
enseigner |
enseignai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
étudier |
étudiai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
examiner |
examinai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
laver |
lavai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
lever |
levai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
marcher |
marchai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
peinturer |
peinturai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
penser |
pensai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
raconter |
racontai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
retourner |
retournai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
téléphoner |
téléphonai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
travailler |
travaillai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent |
Using the 'Participe passé' to create the 'Passé simple':A large number of non - "-er" verbs create their "Passé simple" endings from the "participe passé"(p.p.) form of the verb. The formula for the Passé simple of non–er verbs is: (-_s, -_s, -_t, -^mes, -^tes, -_rent ) (The final letter of the participe passé (p.p.) takes the place of the "underline" above.) Essentially, when forming the Passé simple, the final letter of the p.p. is followed by an "-s" for je and tu, and by a "-t" for il, elle, and on. (Many examples below…) The nous and vous versions will have the accent circonflexe placed above the final vowel of the p.p. followed by "-mes" for nous, and "-tes" for vous, respectively. Finally, the ils and elles version of the Passé simple will have "-rent" placed after the final vowel of the p.p. The formula, summarized, is: (-_s, -_s, -_t, -^mes, -^tes, -_rent ) (The final letter of the p.p. takes the place of the "underline".) See the application of these patterns in the list below: |
Examples of using the Participe passé to create the Passé simple: |
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Infinitif |
p.p. (Participe passé) |
Passé simple – (je, tu, il, nous, vous, ils) |
avoir |
eu |
eus, eus, eut, eûmes, eûtes, eurent |
boire |
bu |
bus, bus, but, bûmes, bûtes, burent |
connaître |
connu |
connus, -us, -ut, -ûmes, -ûtes, -urent |
courir |
couru |
courus, -us, -ut, -ûmes, -ûtes, -urent |
croire |
cru |
crus, -us, -ut, -ûmes, -ûtes, -urent |
devoir |
dû |
dus, -us, -ut, -ûmes, -ûtes, -urent |
dormir |
dormi |
dormis, -is, -it, -îmes, -îtes, -irent |
lire |
lu |
lus, -us, -ut, -ûmes, -ûtes, -urent |
mentir |
menti |
mentis, -is, -it, -îmes, -îtes, -irent |
partir |
parti |
partis, -is, -it, -îmes, -îtes, -irent |
pouvoir |
pu |
pus, -us, -ut, -ûmes, -ûtes, -urent |
recevoir |
reçu |
reçus, -us, -ut, -ûmes, -ûtes, -urent |
rire | ri | ris, -is, -it, -îmes, -îtes, -irent |
savoir | su | sus, -us, -ut, -ûmes, -ûtes, -urent |
sentir | senti | sentis, -is, -it, -îmes, -îtes, -irent |
servir | servi | servis, -is, -it, -îmes, -îtes, -irent |
sortir | sorti | sortis, -is, -it, -îmes, -îtes, -irent |
sourire | souri | souris, -is, -it, -îmes, -îtes, -irent |
suivre | suivi | suivis, -is, -it, -îmes, -îtes, -irent |
vivre | vécu | vécus, -us, -ut, -ûmes, -ûtes, -urent |